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THE 

Eucalyptus 
Hardwood Trees 

OF 



California 



By 

A. R. HEATH 



Published by the Author 

5456 Lexington Avenue 
Chicago, III. 

Price, 50 Cents Copyright Applied for 



TABLE OF CONTENTS 






PART I.— THE VALUE OF FORETHOUGHT 



Table of Contents 

Indorsements and Preface 

Commercial Planting of Eucalyptus . . 

The Hardwood Famine and its Effect on Prices 

Great Rapidity of Growth of Eucalyptus 

Business Men in Action 

Extreme Statements to be Avoided . . 

Present and Prospective Hardwood Supply . . 

Statistics of Neglect . . . . . . 

The Broad Distinction in Cultivation . . 
Details of Modern Treatment . . 
The Lumberman's Point of View 
Advantage of Large Operations 
Californians Investing in Eucalyptus . . 
Credit to a Well-Equipped Expert . . 



Cover 
1 
11 
3 
7 
7 
7 
9 
9 
11 
11 
13 
17 
17 
17 



PART II.-^AUTHORITIES 



The Timber Famine and its Uesults 
Rate of Growth 

Distinctive Points of Eucalyptus 
Overproduction Impossible 
Practical Uses of Eucalyptus . . 
Yield and Value of Eucalyptus 
Points about Profits 
Manufacturing and Seasoning . . 
Municipally Planted Forests . . 
The Business Point of View 



19 

21 
23 
23 
23 
25 
25 
27 
29 
31 



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INDORSEMENTS 

We, residing in California, are thoroughly familiar with the Eucalyptus tree, 
its growth, uses and value. We have read the original matter produced by Mr. 
Heath, on the subject of Eucalyptus, together with the authorities he quotes, 
concerning all of which we have intimate knowledge. 

The ground he takes is approved by us, and we believe that his booklet is 
a fair, impartial and reasonable presentation of this important subject, and should 
be of service to those contemplating commercial planting of Eucalyptus. 

Professor of Horticulture, University California President "Leland Stanford" University 



Ex-State Forester of California 



(^rUz/^us- 



Ex-Asst. State Forester of California 




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Euclayptus Planter— Director and 
Pioneer Eucalyptus Planter of California Ex-Pres. Drovers. Nat'l Bank, Chicago 

PREFACE 

The public interest in the commercial planting of Eucalyptus hardwood 
trees in California is such as might be called clamorous in its demand for more 
information of a reliable character upon this subject, especially from an invest- 
ment point of view. 

To partially meet this demand with a reasonable view of the possibilities 
inhering in this subject, as based upon what has actually been accomplished, this 
pamphlet has been compiled. It is offered, not as a complete treatise on the 
subject, but more as a classified compilation of authentic data, combined with the 
opinions of well recognized authorities — all in condensed form — and with refer- 
ence to the government's recent predictions of a coming timber famine and its 
results, together with the official reports concerning the growth, uses, value and 
profit of commercially produced Eucalyptus in California. 

One further aim has been to set forth, as forcefully as possible, before the 
prospective planter or investor the importance of the scientific, intensive twen- 
tieth century methods of planting and growing Eucalyptus, and the attending 
benefits. The results of these methods as seen in recent measurements, are 
unprecedented, and open up a new era in the cultivation for profit of this re- 
markable tree. 




Watering nursery stock ready for i)laiili 





"The first tree planted. 



Seed nurseries. 



EUCALYPTUS HARDWOOD TREES OF 
CALIFORNIA 



PART I— THE VALUE OF FORETHOUGHT. 

Nature is ever generous, but in this remarkable tree she surpasses herself. 

The commercial planting of Eucalyptus trees in California under correct 
conditions is a creative enterprise in which Nature produces an unfailing product 
of the soil (the source of all wealth) a product as staple as wheat, in which 
natural growth supplemented by scientific and intensive cultivation compounds 
earnings at such a ratio as to make possible a high return with safety on the 
capital invested. 

Quotations. 

Authorities quoted in support of Eucalyptus and its superior advantages as 
an investment, are complete and convincing. The statements are from men in 
a position to know, and having the highest standing. The figures are authentic, 
and arrived at after scientific and exhaustive study. The best way to learn about 
Eucalyptus is to study it for yourself. 

Eucalyptus (U-k-lip-tus) commonly known as "Australian Mahogany," 
has been grown in California for about sixty years, but the now known useful- 
ness and value of these trees has until quite recently been underestimated. We 
have only just found that we need them, and are destined to need them indis- 
pensably. They have come to our aid at a time when we are facing a grave crisis. 



Hardwood Famine. 

It is now well established that the supply of timber is very low. We cut 
134 million board feet (approximately 30,000 acres) every day — three times the 
rate of production. With hardwoods alone, the situation is even more alarm- 
ing, the cut being ten times the rate of production. Thirty-one million board feet 
of hardwood is cut daily, and no less an authority than the Forestry Bureau of 
the United States Government is responsible for the statement that we now 
have less than fifteen years' supply. 

This is a most serious dilemma, as amongst all our industries the timber 
ranks fourth. Lumber manufacture employs approximately 1,000 millions of 
capital, with an annual product exceeding that amount. To cut off the raw ma- 
terial will be to deplete the pay envelopes of over 600,000 workingmen employed 
directly in industries dependent for their very existence on a continuous supply 
of hardwood. 

"A general failure in crops may affect industrial conditions for a few years 
— a failure in the hardwood supply would be a blight upon our industries through 
more than a generation." U. S. Forest Service Circular No. 116 adds: "We 
have apparently about fifteen years' supplv of hardwood lumber now ready to cut." 

3 




Preparing to plant 1,000 acres near Montery Bay, Cal. 




Deep plowing, preparatory to planting 
a Eucalyptus forest. 







'r.l 





Planting crew setting out baby trees. 



EUCALYPTUS HARDWOOD TREES OF CALIFORNIA 5 

What this industrial disaster would mean in the loss of trade by merchants, 
manufacturers and farmers, and the consequent shrinkage in bank deposits, and 
the unbalancing of trade and finance, is only too evident. A single year_ of hard- 
wood famine will kill all our great wood-working industries and close their factory 
doors, with disastrous results to the whole country. 

Pinchot, Roosevelt, the several Conservation Associations, National and State 
Forestry Departments, corporations and individuals — men of keen business fore- 
sight and political economists have "sounded the warning of the coming hard- 
wood timber famine." Mathematicians have made miles of figures to show how 
fast timber is disappearing. But no power can halt the headlong destruction, 
for in this practical age men do not stop for sentiment nor for advance in cost, 
but pay the price and continue their building. The situation is so alarming as 
to have called for state legislation. It's a timely subject. It's in the air, and we. 
the nation and individuals, are waking up when it is now too late. The utmost 
we can do will afit'ord no relief in this generation. The American Lumberman 
(the leading journal of the timber trade j says: 

"If reforestation were now to be undertaken in the most broad and efficient way, the 
result could not be felt in the lumber markets for fifty years." 

We must begin reforestation now, for posterity's sake. But what can we 
do for our own sakes? 

The fact confronts us that we face a severe shortage in ten years, and an 
absolute famine in fifteen years, when commercial raw material can not be had 
for love nor money, nor for fifty years to follow. How can we bridge this gap ? 

Hardwood Prices. 

Meanwhile prices mount. One need go no further than the nearest lumber 
yard to realize how prices have advanced. They have risen over fifty per cent in 
the last ten years. With the return of normal business conditions, building and 
manufacturing operations will boom, and as the hardwood timber famine grips, 
prices must soar. In the American Review of Revieivs for May, 1908, page 
590, Guy Elliott Mitchell, of the U. S. Geological Survey, says as follows: 

"The Nation's Worst-Abused Resource.— Oi all the country's natural resources, 
the forests have been the most shamefully treated, with the result that we are nearer the 
exhaustion of this asset than in the case of any other natural resource. At the present 
rate of timber consumption, the price of every class of lumber ten years hence will be 
about double the present figure." 

The plain business fact is that the demand will soon be desperate. This 
view is not pessimism. It is merely a statement of the truth. 
Wanted — A Remedy! An Escape! 

Eucalyptus a Complete Hardwood. 

The native sons of California who found it hard to cut and split the stub- 
born Eucalyptus for fuel, had a new revelation when these famine prospects 
were published by the Government. They got busy. They made tests. "Euca- 
lyptus" was thoroughly tried out, underground, under water, in the manufacture 
of furniture, vehicles, veneers, agricultural implements and machinery, of in- 
sulator pins (holding the thread perfectly), of telegraph, trolley and telephone 
poles, piling, fence posts, railroad ties, and succeeded in all these uses, demand- 
ing toughness under pressure, strength imder strain, resisting power under blows, 
and durability in weather, under ground, and in fresh and salt water. 





First clearing and plowing 




Planting: 3 months old, 2 to 3 feet high. Beans between rows to 
conserve moisture. Far hill planted but not in beans. 



EUCALYPTUS HARDWOOD TREES OF CALIFORNIA 7 

Eucalyptus has, moreover, a hard surface, a beautiful grain, and takes the 
finest piano polish, and in the interior finish of homes, office buildings, and palace 
cars, it has every quality of use or beauty of the ideal hardivood, and rivals the 
most costly. The authorities on all the above points are official, complete and 
impressive. 

Rapidity of Growth. 

The most notable quality of the Eucalyptus tree is its rapidity of growth. 
No other hardwood approaches it in this respect. It absolutely matures ready 
for use, under modern scientific intensive cultivation, within ten years. Authori- 
ties cite many plantations which measure up to this statement. 

How wonderfully this fits our need in the impending crisis ! Nature has 
kept her gracious boon hidden until now — at the very nick of time ! 

Why Business Men are Investing in Eucalyptus. 

American shrewdness and "gumption" are quick to see and act. Numerous 
clear-headed persons and chiefs of corporations who think ahead have already 
set out about twenty-five million Eucalyptus trees in California within the last 
few years. This, however, is but a drop in the bucket, hardly one-fourth of what 
should have been and ought to be done every year. The cut of 125,000 acres, 
100,000 board feet to the acre, would be required annually, in order to provide 
for the time of need. The certainty of very large profits at a comparatively early 
date has been the motive of this activity. The American Lumberman says : 

"Timber investment, therefore, appeals to the intelligent citizen, whether he be a 
lumberman or not. The result has been that multitudes of individuals, bankers, mer- 
chants, men and women of all professions, and in all walks of life, having surplus capital, 
have been investing in timber." 

The same journal says, on page 30 of its issue of March 20, 1909 : 

"Under proper conditions a Eucalyptus plantation should begin to pay after five or 
six years, and within ten or twelve years should be yielding enormous profits, exceed- 
ing anything that can be secured from a citrus crop, any horticultural crop, or even truck 
gardening. The probabilities thus expressed seem like a dream, so tremendous are the 
figures of yield and almost certain profit." 

This latter quotation has been widely circulated. It illustrates an unfor- 
tunate tendency among writers, especially during the introductory stages of any 
newly-discovered process or product, or values, to go to extremes as to results. 
While it is true that perhaps seven years will produce some values in posts, 
piling and the like, there are no facts to support the claim that any large per- 
centage of the ultimate yield is reached at that period. 

On the other hand, the records as herein quoted, are strong and clear as 
to the large values of the ten years' product. Of course, the correct soil and 
modern cultivation are understood. 

It is to be remembered, moreover, that even the Lumberman's optimistic 
views do not take into consideration the enormous rises in hardwood prices 
already begun in anticipation of the inevitable famine. 

Standing timber is always a staple asset at any stage of growth, and naturally 
prices depend upon supply and demand. America's needs for hardwood grow 
with the country's growth. Hardwood is a prime necessity of life! It is a call 
of our civilization at a thousand points. The shortage intensifies the demand, 
and sends prices upward. Foresightedness means fortune ! Shortsightedness 
means misfortune! 




Trees 5 months old — Man aliowu is 5 feet (J inches tall. 




Illustratinii uniform stand of trees. 



Planting: 16 months old, over 20 feet high. 
Side hill in distance planted with 
young trees. 



EUCALYPTUS HARDWOOD TREES OF CALIFORNIA 9 

The Natural Appeal to Forethought. 

The present supply of Eucalyptus is alarmingly small. There cannot be 10,000 
acres now ready for cutting. The year's cut of all timber in 1907 was 40 billion 
board feet (U. S. Government Bulletin), while in 1910 it had grown to 55 billion 
board feet (Moody's, a leading statistical authority). If only one-fourth be cred- 
ited to hardwood, then there should be provision every year, outside of the fuel 
demand, for about 14 billion board feet of hardwood, on the present basis of 
demand — and that demand is growing. A great number of hardwood factories 
will undoubtedly move to California, for the necessity is to follow the base of 
supply. The season of 1909-10 saw less than 23,000 acres set out to Eucalyptus 
— "the only hope of a hardwood supply." The best commercial varieties of this 
tree are very intolerant of drought, heat and frosts, and to succeed they require 
special conditions. California is the only state where they prosper, and here in but 
a limited area. Instead of 23.000 acres, Ave should set out 125,000 to 150.000 
acres of Eucalyptus in California every year! Lumber is a subject which de- 
mands a "long look." Is it right to sleep, because we have a small supply ahead 
just now? With every energy and available acre employed, the market cannot 
be fully supplied. Business men as well as state and national authorities see 
here a most serious and pressing call. Constructive action is the imperative 
need — and is already being richly rewarded. 



Conservation. 

Added to the above considerations, the claims of conservation require at- 
tention. To plant trees means the prevention of floods and drouths, the preser- 
vation of soil fertility, the modification of climate, the betterment of health, a 
fine increase in population and great prosperity alike to growers and manu- 
facturers. This is more than sentiment — it is intelligent self-interest. 

Evidence is clear that he who plants Eucalyptus properly now, and culti- 
vates well, can have mature trees in ten years to sell to an urgent and clamorous 
market, at top prices. 

The valuable by-products of Eucalyptus, as slabs, posts, fuel, oil, food for 
honey bees, etc., serve in many cases to meet all expense of operation. 

Most Important Factors. 

Little was expected of Eucalyptus under former conditions. It was dis- 
tinctly subordinate, grown merely for shade, fuel, or as windbreaks, and if it 
served these humble uses in fifteen, twenty or thirty years, no more was ex- 
pected. Naturally, this called for little or no cultivation; Cheap uses implied 
cheap treatment. 

But now, with an impending timber famine, and with the superiority of 
Eucalyptus proven, all is difi'erent. Eucalyptus has become king, and his busi- 
ness requires haste. The present-day method of scientific intensive cultivation, 
producing, as it does, over three times the result, is truly impressive. 

To be Borne in Mind. 

Here is a point to be remembered about statistics. Records of trees already 
mature are in almost every instance the statistics of neglect and of tree-starvation. 
This is necessarily true, because at the time these trees were set out (the critical 




15 feet in 9 months — a State record at Chittenden, Cal. 



EUCALYPTUS HARDWOOD TREES OF CALIFORNIA 11 

time of youth when cultivation would have given the most benefit) no one knew 
of the hardwood famine, or that Eucalyptus would be proven a perfect substitute 
for oak, ash, hickory and mahogany, and for practically all commercial hard- 
woods. As already stated, no pains were taken in planting and care. These old 
trees simply struggled along, and had to take their chances. That they matured 
at all is proof of the tremendous vitality of the tree. 

No reasonable man will accept these "statistics of neglect" as a standard 
of the growing possibilities of an Eucalyptus tree. Right here is the pessimist's 
fatal error, and the average lumberman's error as well. It is a case of using 
false measures — of comparing things not alike, which any professor of logic 
will declare a crime against reason. It is natural, but still an error. 

Fo7' it is the broad distinction hetzveen the two systems of treatment — the 
old and the new — zvhich is the most vital factor in the Eucalyptus-growing situa- 
tion today. He zvho overlooks it, misleads himself. 

The New System. 

The New System is an economic necessity. The growers and manufacturers 
want more of these precious trees — and want them quickly. Every energy comes 
m play right here. In the first place, the best land is none too good, with good 
moisture conditions and sub-irrigation. A close examination of the soil, to 
avoid hostile chemical elements, is required. No more planting on waste land, 
or on hill-crests of shallow soil, with water draining away. Sheltered valleys 
and friendly fogs are sought. 

So much for location. 

Then, in the planting season, careful preparation is made to receive the 
seedling. The plow, the disk, the harrow, the roller are all to do their needful 
work, and shovels further pulverize the ground where the trees are to be planted. 
The soil is upturned from depth, cut, harrowed, cross-harrowed and rolled, until 
made the finest possible. Every obstacle to the quick growth of the rootlets is re- 
moved. 

Here, preparation is seen at its best. 

Next come men with skilful hands to transplant the seedlings to their new 
home. Every shock is avoided. The roots are still kept surrounded by their 
original soil and saved from exposure. The right distance for forest growth 
is observed. Then the seedlings are tucked up in their beds, and Nature 
nurses them. 

So much for transplanting. 

Then comes the watch-care. A weed is like a lamp wick, the sun being 
the flame. Millions of weeds are millions of wicks, sucking moisture and rob- 
bing the tender seedlings of their ,chief need. If the thieving weeds are rooted 
up, over and over, the ground is kept mellow and rich and the moisture is 
conserved by capillary attraction. This is intensive cultivation. 

It makes all the difference in the world — a great and profitable difference. 
Care pays better than neglect. The trees grow faster, simply because they must. 
Ten-year trees under such stimulus are many-fold more mature than older 
trees under neglect. 

Cultivation versus Old-Style Figures. 

Practically all the figures at our command are records under the "system of 
neglect." Nobody at that time realized the tree-value, as now understood. In 
fact, it is only within the last three or four years that the superior quality and 
beauty and marketing points of the timber have been proven and appreciated. 




Wjct, '\k>*t 



Accurate drawing of Eucalyptus ISj/, 
months of age; Vd'A feet in height; IS^ in- 
ches in circumference at base; tap root 16 >^ 
feet below surface. 

Scientific Intensive Treatment Stimu- 
lates Strong Root Growth. 



T>\i 




E. Globulus at Chittenden, 16 months old. 




'Coppicing" or second growth — peculiar to Eucalyptus. 



EUCALYPTUS HARDWOOD TREES OF CALIFORNIA 13 

Yet, even under old conditions, the figures show, in favorable locations, a good 
maturity in ten years. Had these same trees been scientifically cultivated, it must 
be conceded that the showing would have been much greater. Hence the old 
figures, (which are necessarily the only existing statistics of today,) are to be taken 
subject to expansion, in order to give due credit to the new methods. 

It may be asked: — "Can you give examples of mature growth in, say, ten 
years, even though the grower did not know the tree's value at the time of plant- 
ing? " Fortunately, it is not only possible to do this, but also to show a vivid con- 
trast under conditions that are entirely fair. Mr. C. H. Sellers, of Sacra- 
mento, California, an expert who has been commended by the former State 
Forester as a well equipped forester of eight years' experience in direct contact 
with the growing Eucalyptus trees, while in the state and national Forest Service, 
cites a number of cases of this kind, and also emphasizes the great need of 
cultivation. 



The Bailey Groves at Santa Ana, California. 

Grove No. 1 has been left to shift for itself, with no cultivation whatever. 
At nine years of age, only 32 of its 666 trees reach 12 inches in diameter. The 
whole acre shows but 39,040 feet board measure. These are the statistics of 
neglect. 

Grove No. 2, 1,000 feet away, eight years old, 474 trees, has been cultivated 
five years, and shows no less than 270 trees exceeding 12 inches in diameter, as 
against 32 in No. 1, a year older. As a financial comparison; No. 1, with 39,040 
feet, at $25 per M., the accepted stumpage value, shows $975 at nine years; while 
No. 2, with 87,960 feet, shows value of $2,199 at eight years. 

These measurements were taken over a year ago, and if measured when ten 
years old, Grove No. 2 will undoubtedly show largely in excess of 100,000 board 
feet and $2,500 value for the acre. 

Cultivation makes the difference ! 

These were fair average sample acres, as stated by Mr. Sellers on page 
60 of his recent publication. Many other cases could be quoted along the same 
general lines, affording similar lessons. 



The Lumberman's Point of View. 

Lumbermen outside of California, are unaccustomed to think of hardwood 
stumpage running over 5,000 to 15,000 board feet per acre, as most native hard- 
woods grow largely in scattered clumps of more or less irregular and crooked trees. 
The contrast, therefore, with the same number of planted, cultivated acres, with 
trees in regular rows, of more uniform size, 8 or 10 feet apart, and with all the 
growing power of the tree concentrated in one straight bole (because of forest 
conditions), is very great. Under these conditions the production of 100,000 
board feet per acre of the quick-growing Eucalyptus in ten years would be more 
natural than to reckon 5,000 or more feet stumpage of native hardwood of spon- 
taneous and crooked growth. 

The economy of lumbering such a condensed large body of 100 feet tall, 
straight timber with little waste, would more naturally command $25 stumpage 
and be actually cheaper at that figure than might be $5 or $10 stumpage for 
scattered, deformed growth of great waste, requiring lopping and piling (to 



VIEWvS OF YOUNG HEALTHY GROYES ON ONE OF THE MOST^lPROMINENT 

ESTATES IN CALIFORNIA 





'm^^:^^'^ 




EUCALYPTUS HARDWOOD TREES OF CALIFORNIA 15 

conform to federal forestry laws) and the superfluous handling required of trees 
which seldom produce clear logs of over 10, 12, or 14 feet. Bear in mind that the 
$25 stumpage value does not take into consideration the enhanced value ten years 
hence. 

The Standard of Measurement. 

A further point is suggested by Mr. Sellers. In a recent letter to the 
writer he states : 

"The Doyle and Scribner Rules of measurement only apply to the southern pines 
or similar sized logs ; but the Eucalyptus is entirely different from any other tree grown, 
as it is a well known fact that the Eucalyptus forms long, clear boles anywhere from 
40 to 60 feet on trees having a height of perhaps 90 feet. ... I have known trees 
to measure 15 inches in diameter at 4^ feet from the ground and have 12 to 13-inch 
diameter SO or 60 feet from the ground. This shows conclusively that the tree tapers 
very slowly, while all the other trees that the Scribner and Doyle rule applies to usually 
cut one to three logs and taper very rapidly after the second log is cut." 

In this attitude Mr Sellers would seem to be sustained not only by his 
own experience and observations, but also by the authority of Forest Service 
Bulletin No. 35, where at page 26 we are told : 

"In the majority of species the trunk diminishes in size upward very gradually, be- 
ing long and cylindrical. It is this characteristic that makes many of them so admirably 
adapted for masts, piles, bridge timbers and telegraph poles." 

The government joins with Mr. Sellers, also, in calling attention to the 
inaccuracies of both the Doyle scale and the Scribner scale, as seen in the 
following quotations from U. S. Forest Service Bulletin, No. 36, "Woodman's 
Handbook," page 20: 

"In sound logs the saw cut has been known to overrun the Scribner scale from 10 
to 20 per cent." 

This is said concerning logs of timber in general. 

"In general the mill cut overruns the Doyle Rule log scale by about 25 per cent for 
short logs 12 to 20 inches in diameter; and for long logs with a small top diameter the 
overrun is very much higher." 

Here, again, the reference is to timber in general. 

The objections to the present statistics, as thus indicated, by the govern- 
ment and by this experienced forester, are : 

1 : — They are statistics of neglect, and do not cover the modern methods 
of cultivation, 

2 : — The measurements are applicable to an entirely different class of 
trees, and underestimate the tall, straight Eucalyptus trees of remarkably 
uniform diameter. 

3 : — Even as applied to general timber they are confessedly inadequate. 

Security and Profit. 

With no known enemy nor disease, with no possibility of over-production, 
with the feasibility of every protection from loss by fire in these cultivated groves, 
of evergreen trees, and with every assurance of unprecedented high prices of 
hardwoods in a few years, who can doubt the security and profit of the busi- 
ness ? The worst that investors have to figure upon is the element of time. The 
longer held the greater the profit. 






Two years and nine months growth 

near 

Watsonville, Cal. 

E. Globuhis. 




V ..t<r rf4»^ -/f-rj -=■ 




Groves on lines of railroads afford easy access to mills, with commensurate profits. 



EUCALYPTUS HARDWOOD' TREES OF CALIFORNIA 17 

Equal Benefits for Large and Small Investors Alike. 

The larger Eucalyptus planting investments are being made by men of large 
affairs, as prominent officials of Railroads and other corporations, who are com- 
pelled to look ahead, by Bankers, Capitalists and Business Men of judgment and 
foresight, and by towns, municipalities, etc., etc. 

Smaller investors, among whom might be classed the professional men, mer- 
chants and their clerks, farmers, superintendents, foremen and mechanics, etc., 
etc., are fortunately able to participate in these large and certain profits by joining 
well managed corporations who are planting large acreages for themselves and 
their associates under co-operative plans. 

How Large Operations Help All Investors. 

These larger acreage operations are more feasible and profitable, commanding, 
as they do, the brains and experience of the lumber world, with added profits 
through logging and milling operations (not warranted in tracts under 1,000 
acres), and many other salient features which with limited acreage and capital 
would not be warranted. All these great benefits assure maximum profit at a 
minimum cost. 

Californians Investing in Eucalyptus. 

Perhaps nowhere else in the world has there been so high an order of intel- 
ligence, or so much time and money utilized in bringing products to perfection, 
as in California. 

It should be remembered that California is a country of small farms, where 
five or ten acres under intensive cultivation often provide a competency. 

That thousands of Californians in all walks of life, accustomed to these 
high returns, are planting Eucalyptus, even in many cases uprooting orange 
groves and other orchards (which have possibly seen their best days) and plant- 
ing same with this remarkable tree, should be sufficient evidence to substantiate 
the claims made for Eucalyptus. The more timid investor may wish to inquire 
through the many California authorities on this subject, and of bankers, business 
and professional men, or almost any person of standing throughout the central 
and southern portion of the state where the many virtues of the Eucalyptus tree 
are so well appreciated as to be a matter of common knowledge. 



Great credit is due to Mr. C. H. Sellers, (formerly in the Forest Serv- 
ice), land and timber expert, Sacramento, California, for his researches in the 
field for the past eight years in direct contact with Eucalyptus trees. His books 
have already thrown valuable light on the subject, and his new writings will be 
welcomed as the product of the well-stored mind of a recognized Eucalyptus 
expert fully endorsed by the highest authorities. 




Grove of young Eucalyptus under superior cultivation. 




The same grove one year later to the day. 



AUTHORITIES 



PART II— AUTHORITIES. 

(In giving quotations brevity is served as follows: All United States Forest 
Service Bulletins, Circulars, etc., will be referred to by number and page, as 
"U. S. 59; p. 3," or "U. S. 116; p. 15," etc. 

All quotations from the California State Board of Forestry will be referred 
to as follows : "Cal. Bd. 2 ; p. 33.'' etc. Names of newspapers will also be 
abbreviated, where possible. Other authorities will be indicated more fully.) 



Eucalyptus is brought into great prominence of late by reason of certain 
conditions in the timber world, and in the financial world, as will be gathered 
from the following quotations from authorities: (Apart from the necessary 
headings, it is the aim to let the quotations tell their story without comment, 
save where a word of explanation may be deemed necessary). 

The Forest a Perpetual Resource. 

■ "Forestry is both misunderstood and underrated in this country. When these mis- 
conceptioi:is are dispelled, the American people will handle the subject with true American 
spirit. The main point, which is not generally understood — in fact, the pivot on .which 
the whole system rotates — is that we fail to rate the forest as a living, perpetual resource. 
Coal, copper, and other resources become exhausted, but the forest, if properly treated, 
will yield an income forever. It will supply labor and feed other industries for all time, 
if the rules of silviculture are rigidly practiced. In agricuture, fertilizers must be used 
to replace what the plant removes; in forestry, the soil actually improves and yields 
ever-increasing returns until the maximum is reached, when under good management it 
remains the same for all time, ever yielding a crop of useful material." — Practical For- 
estry, by John Gifford, assistant Professor of Forestry, Cornell University. 

The Impending Hardwpod Timber Famine. 

Seriously Depleted; Situation Grave — Roosevelt: — "As all of you know, the forest re- 
sources of our country are already being seriously depleted. . . . The United States^ is 
exhausting its forest supplies far more rapidly than they are being produced. The situation 
is grave, and there is only one remedy." — U. S. 25; p. 6. 

Dangerously Near — Pinchot: — "This much is true beyond doubt, that we are danger- 
ously near a hardwood famine and have made no provision against it." 

Results of the Hardwood Famine. 

Will Strike at the Very Foundation: — "There is sure to be a gap between the supply 
which exists and the supply which will have to be provided. . . . The present indi- 
cations are that in spite of the best we can do, there will be a shortage of hardwoods 
running through at least fifteen years. How acute that shortage may become and how 
serious a check it will put upon the industries concerned cannot now be foretold. That 
it will strike at the very foundation of some of the country's most important industries 
is unquestionable." — U. S. 116; p. 14. 

19 



Eucalyptus 
planter's home 




Eucalyptus on sideliill. 



EUCALYPTUS HARDWOOD TREES OF CALIFORNIA 21 

Substitutes:— (Soitwood, metal, concrete.) "Yet, prominent as these materials have 
become, they seem not to have reduced the demand for hardwood which besides being for 
the greater number of its original uses, has also found new ones."— U. S. 116; p. 16. 

"House Document" 128, p. 384, contains a statement by Frank H. Lamb, 
Washington State Forest Commission : 

"The various substitutes for lumber have not decreased the per capita consumption, 
which shows a constant gain, from 342 feet b. m. in 1870 to 499 feet in 1906." 

Total Lumber and its Products Manufactured in 1905 

Number of Establishments 32,726 

Total Capital $1,013,827,138 

Wage Earners, (Greatest number) 1 ,047,442 

Wage Earners (Average number) 735,945 

Cost of Materials $518,908,150 

Value of Products $1,223,730,336 

— Census of Manufactures 1905, p. 32. 

Hardwood Prices Strongly Advanced. 

1887 1898 1907 

White Oak $52.00 $55.00 $80.00 

Hickory 38.00 45.00 65.00 

Hard Maple 20.00 20.00 32.50 



— U. S. 116; p. 9. 



Timber of Fixed Quantity. 



Every Acre Inspected:- "Practically every acre of standing timber in the United 
States outside of government holdings has been inspected by the cruiser. The amount of 
available timber is a fixed quantity, and the end of it, under present conditions, is not far 
away." — American Lumberman. 

Approximate Average Growth of Trees. 



Species 


Locality 


Age, 50 years. 


Age, 100 years 


Age. 200 years 


Diameter 4 5 feet 
from ground 




Diam. Height 
In. Ft. 


Diam. Height 
In. Ft. 


Diam. Height 
In. Ft. 



Birch, Yellow New York. ... 4.5 35 9.4 59 19.4 75 

Beech Michigan 3.8 35 10.2 73 16.6 75 

Maple Sugar Michigan 3.8 35 9. 64 

Hickory Mississippi .. 13.3 .. 26. 

Oak, white Tennessee.... 8.7 57 11.2 65 22. 92 

Ash, white Arkansas 12.1 90 20.3 106 

Pine, long leaf ....So. CaroHna.. 6.7 52 15.5 86 23.6 100 

Pine, loblolly So. Carolina. .15.9 86 24.5 111 

Fir, Douglas Washington. ..13.7 80 24.3 138 37.4 208 

— U. S. 36; Tables 58, 59, 60, 61 

Rapid Growth of Eucalyptus. 

Fastest Growing: — "The Blue Gum (Eucalyptus globulus) is, without doubt, the 
fastest growing tree in the world." — U. S. 35; p. 61. 

Six Inches a Day: — "In the height of the first growing season, seedlings (Blue Gum) 
have frequently been observed to make an average height growth of six inches a day." — 
Cal. Bd. 2; p. 33. 




12-year old E. Globulus trees near San 

Jose, Cal. , showing regular rows 

and large growth. 




10-year old Eucalyptus 

Globulus trees, 100 feet 

high, near Monterey 

Bay, Cal. 



Eucalyptus piles on barge for ferry slip, San Francisco. 



EUCALYPTUS HARDWOOD JTREES OF CALIFORNIA 23 

Oyer 16 Feet a Year: — "Under favorable conditions, seedling plantations have reached 
a maximum development of five inches in diameter and sixty-seven feet in height in four 
years."— Cal. Bd. 2; p. 33. 

A Foot in Diameter Every Five Years: — "The Blue Gum is one of the largest and 
most rapid growing trees in the world. In California under favorable conditions trees have 
attained a height of 175 feet, and a diameter of five feet in twenty-five years." — U. S. 59; 
p. 2. 

Averaging 100 Feet in 10 Years: — "Seedling (Blue Gum) stands will average a height 
growth of fifty feet in six years and 100 feet in ten years. Under favorable conditions, in- 
dividual trees have reached a height of 125 feet, and a diameter of thirty-six inches in 
nine years." — U. S. 59; p. 3. 

Practical Testimony: — "On the ranch of Hon. Ellwocd Cooper, near Santa Barbara, 
California, trees of this species (Blue Gum) twenty-five years old are as large as oaks 
whose rings show them to be 200 to 300 years old. It is this rapidity of growth, enabUng 
them to reach the stature of trees in a few years, that has been the principal cause of the 
popularity of the eucalyptus where they have been introduced." — U. S. 35; p. 36. 

Distinctive Points of Eucalyptus. 

Different Species of Eucalyptus: — There are six or eight recognized commercial 
varieties, of which the most widely used are the Globulus, or Blue Gum ; the Rostrata, or 
Red Gum; the Tereticornis, or Gray Gum; the Corynocalyx, or Sugar Gum; the Resinifera, 
or Red Mahogany; the Viminalis, or Manna Gum, and others. These are usually written 
"E. globulus," "E. rostrata," etc. Each has its special uses and best habitat. The E. globu- 
lus has been planted most extensively. Experts have determined which species is best 
adapted for a given locality. 

Detailed information will be given to enquirers so far as possible by the 
author of this booklet, upon request. 

Hard, Tough and Durable: — "The matured wood of all species is hard — of some 
species very hard. Of many species it is tough and durable, resembling in this respect the 
wood of American oaks and hickories." — U. S. 35 ; p. 26. 

Freedom from Insects and Diseases: — "Their dissemination throughout the world hav- 
ing been by seeds alone, the insect enemies and parasitic fungi of their native home have 
been left behind. In America they have few insect enemies and they are remarkably free 
from disease."— U. S. 35 ; p. 36. 

As Strong as Second Growth Hickory: — "A comparison with Forest Service tests 
on hickory shows that 30-year-old E. globulus is stronger than XXX hickory, and that 15- 
year-old E. globulus is nearly as strong as second-growth hickory." — U. S. 8. 

Seasoning: — "It is no more difficult to season than oak, hard maple and many other 
hardwoods which are annually cut and seasoned by the million feet." — Cal. Bd. 2. 

Pinchot on Seasoning: — "It is believed, however, that in the seasoning of gum no 
greater difficulties will be encountered than in the seasoning of any other hardwood of 
similar density and strength." — U. S. 59; p. 5. 

(Particulars about seasoning will be found in the statements of manufac- 
turers herein). 

Overproduction of Eucalyptus Is Impossible, 

Only a Beginning: — "California can plant ten thousand acres each year for one hun- 
dred years, and then it would be only a beginning toward supplying the increasing demand 
for hardwood timber. . . . It is at once apparent that the need for development of this 
remarkable industry is great." — San Francisco Examiner, Nov. 13, 1909. 

As an Acorn to the Oak: — "Millions of trees are being propagated, many millions 
will be planted each season, but as yet all these efforts are but an acorn to an oak as com- 
pared to ultimate necessity." — Sunset Magazine, closing a long article. 

Practical Uses of Eucalyptus. 

Comprehensive: — "It enters into the construction of buildings, ships, bridges, rail- 
roads, piers, telegraph lines, fences, paving, agricultural implements, barrels and a great 
variety of minor articles." — U. S. 35 ; p. 36. 

Serves Many Uses: — "To these varieties is due, largely, the great variety of uses that 
the timber of these trees serves."- — U. S. 35 ; p 36. 




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EUCALYPTUS HARDWOOD TREES OF CALIFORNIA 25 

Yield and Value of Eucalyptus. 

The latest revision of Bulletin 5 of the Forestry Society of California says : 

$25 per M Stumpage is Fair: — "The product of one acre containing 500 trees of the 

rapid growing species averaging 12 inches in diameter and having the usual proportions of 

14 inch, 16 inch and larger trees will not vary much from an average of 100,000 feet, board 

measure, of merchantable lumber. . . . 

"The stumpage price now being paid for standing timber varies in accordance with 
location and shipping facilities. Lumbermen concede that $25 per thousand feet is fair 
unless the timber be a long distance from the mills or inferior in size or shape. . . . 
Hardwood prices are constantly advancing and will undoubtedly be much higher in a few 
years, but at the present time $25 per thousand is a safe, fair average. The grower who 
by proper planting and care produces 100,000 feet of timber on an acre in ten years' time 
can safely expect a net return of $2,500. This is not unreasonable and may be accepted 
as the standard of stumpage value per acre of first class eucalyptus of marketable size." 

The Same Price as Oak Lumber: — "The Eucalyptus lumber is being used in every 
place where great strength is required, and the finished product is valued at the same 
price as oak lumber." — University of California, Coll. of Agr., Berkeley Bull. 196. 

High Rates for Oak Stumpage — The following information is condensed 
from a recent extended letter from Clark L. Poole & Co., Bankers, Chicago : 

Kentucky is now the leading state in the production of oak lumber, where white 
oak stumpage values of $9.62 e.xist in the western part of the state, * * * $16.30 
in Indiana, * * * while nearness to ready markets caused the maximum price of $30 
per M in New York. 

Eucalyptus Profits Merely as Fuel: Returns from Six Acres Near Los Angeles in 
6^ Years Show $1,437 per Acre, or $221 per Acre per Annum: — Mr. L. Micheaux, of 
Compton, is one of the oldest growers of Eucalyptus in California. He says: — "\ have 
kept careful records of the proceeds of my various cuttings as a guide to future care and 
sale. Last year I cut six acres of cord wood (sprout growth) at six and one-half years 
of age, and sold the same for $3,726 net. I left 500 choice trees for telegraph poles stand- 
ing, and sold them to the Los Angeles and Redondo Ry. Co. for $2,800 cash ; they to do 
the cutting and hauling. This averaged me $5.60 per pole on the stump. In addition to 
the, foregoing, I cut about 300 cords from this six acres when thinning my trees, real- 
izing $7 per cord net." — Western Empire. 

Points About Profits. 

Better Than Orchards: — "The returns on investments in eucalyptus plantations have 
been generous, in many cases exceeding those received from equal areas under cultivation 
in orchards or agricultural crops." — Cal. Bd. 2; p. 37. 

Profits to be Derived: — "The profits to be derived from eucalyptus in the future 
will be found in hardwood lumber for wagon work, farm and other implements, railroad 
coach and house finishings, furniture, etc. ; ties, telephone poles, and bridge timber will also 
prove profitable." — U. S. 196; p. 31. 

Reaping the Rezuard: — "Hon. Ellwcod Cooper, of Santa Barbara, was one of the first 
AmericaiTS to recognize the prospective value of eucalyptus as forest trees. He acted upon 
his conviction, and has for a score of years been reaping the reward." — LI. S. 35 ; p. 31. 

California and Chicago Market Prices. 

1909 Prices of Telegraph Poles: — Eucalyptus Poles, six inches across the top : — 

35 feet long, $6.00 each 50 feet long $ 9.25 each 

40 " " 7.00 " 55 " " 11.75 " 

45 " " 8.00 " 60 " " 12.50 " 

People's Electric Co., of Los Angeles. 

1911 Prices of Poles, Chicago Market; Idaho Cedar Poles, prices furnished Nov., 1911, 
by George P. Benton & Co., Chicago : — Yards, Hope, Idaho, and Newport, Wash., deliv- 
ered f. o. b. cars, Chicago, 111 : — 

8-inch, 50's, $13 each; 8-inch, 60's, $17; 8-inch, 70's, $21.50 each. 

(It is understood that Chicago is the cheapest large market for poles on the 
continent. Eastern and European markets are higher, being more distant.) 



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EUCALYPTUS HARDWOOD TREES OF CALIFORNIA 27 

The effect of the opening of the Panama Canal upon prices will be marked. 
The Panama Commission have made known that freight from California to the 
Atlantic seaboard, now costing $20 by rail, will for the same class, be about $6 
per ton via the Canal. 

Continuous Income Assured. 

The Repeated Sprout Growths:— "When cut down. Eucalyptus sends up shoots that 
will reach a height of 75 to 100 feet in six to eight years. The cutting may be repeated 
every few years for an indefinite period." — U. S. 35 ; p. 25. 

Eucalyptus Oil. 

Valuable Product-' — "The manufacture of Oil may well be considered as a source 
of revenue upon the exploitation of extensive Eucalyptus plantations. It is obtained by a 
process of distillation, in which the leaves and small brush are utilized. There are a 
number of manufacturers located at different parts of the state, the chief producers oper- 
ating in Los Angeles, Garden Cove and Santa Monica. Their output varies from a few 
hundred pounds to one or two tons per year, but that of the largest manufacturer annually 
reaches the neighborhood of nine tons. Eucalyptus Oil is recognized in the U. S. Pharma- 
copoeia as a valuable drug, and is recommended for the cure or relief of a considerable 
variety of complaints, notably throat and bronchial troubles." — Seller's "Eucalyptus," p. 37. 

What Experienced Manufacturers Say. 

Haz'e Found a Practical Method of Seasoning :—"'W e have found a practical method 
whereby we can dry Eucalyptus about the same as plain oak, and when dry, use it for 
manufacturing all kinds , of cabinet work. We saw the logs up to about 3-inch or 4-inch 
planks, and place them in water for four or five days, gradually letting the water get hot 
and gjradually letting the same water cool ; then we pile the lumber to air-dry for several 
months, and before we use it for cabinet work we kiln dry it. . . . The wood is very 
hard and takes a high polish. When the lumber is thoroughly dry we do not have any 
trouble with warping or cracking, and we see no reason why it shcrnld not take its place 
in the commercial world as one of the most beautiful cabinet woods. During the 
last four of five years we have used this wood for the manufacture of bank and office 
fixtures, furniture, interior house finishing, decoration work, flooring and for various other 
"•ases where a high polish is needed, and also find it very satisfactory for construction 
and wagon work." — Hughes Manufacturing and Lumber Company, J'. A. Souter, Sup't. 
Los Angeles, Gal., March 26, 1910. 

(Other manufacturers whom we quote, and still others not here quoted, are clear in 
stating their successful methods in seasoning. For brevity, we omit further details, but 
the author will be pleased to furnish them to enquirers). 

Manufacturing Nine Different Species: — "We are manufacturing all kinds of finished 
samples of nine different species. We have done this for several years. We have made 
tables, chairs, checkerboards, canes, flooring, wagon material, etc. . . . For wagon 
material in my estimation, the eucalyptus has no superior, if equal, for strength and 
durability. . . . There is no question in my mind but what eucalyptus will take the 
place of any other hardwood to a very large extent." — California Souvenir Company. 

A. H. ScHWAN, Manager. 
Los Angeles, March 27, 1910. 

r 

Worked Eucalyptus for 20 Years: — "We have been handling Eucalyptus for 20 years 
or more, and for 15 years we have worked with it almost exclusively. We are using it 
for all kinds of wagon work, such as poles, reaches, felloes, bolster, double trees, single 
trees, neck yokes; also for plow beams, harrows, pruning shear handles, insulator pins and 
anything that any other hardwood is used for."- — Hardzvood Planing Mill Company, 

P. T. Porter, Foreman. 
San Jose, Gal., March 28, 1910. 

Market for Eucalyptus Products Is Unlimited — -In an address before the 
Forestry Society of California, A. C. Rumble, President of the large furniture 
factory at San Jose, Cal.. said : 

"We began manufacturing furniture, tool handles, farm implements from eucalyptus 
two years ago. . . . As we put out furniture for the richest homes, or store fixtures, it 
created a demand which we have not yet been able to catch up with. At the present time 




EUCALYPTUS 

ROSTRATA 
18 YEARS OLD 



I FT. EFT. 3FT 



EUCALYPTUS HARDWOOD TREES OF CALIFORNIA 29 

we are buying cured Eucalyptus lumber, from Gillespie mill, for $100 per 1,000 feet The 
market for the products of the Eucalyptus tree is unlimited in this state. Such houses as 
White Brothers, San Francisco, and others want large quantities of our supplies, but can- 
not be accommodated. We have found an unusually heavy demand for the timber worked 
up into plow beams and other farming implements, but we take nearly double the profits 
by manufacturing the limited supplies we can obtain into furniture and articles of rich 
value. The smaller stuff we use up in tool handles and the results of my two years' work 
in this wood may be summed up briefly that in its various varieties Eucalyptus timber is 
as strong as hickory, as durable under ground as cedar or locust and as handsome for 
furniture as Circassian walnut, oak or mahogany. We have been unable to fill an order 
for 50,000 plow beams for the Oliver Chilled Plow Works because we use only a portion 
of our left-over stock in our implement department, the average fine-grained specimens 
going entirely into our cabinet work. We are preparing ahead with a supply of lumber 
and have paid as high as $30 stumpage on 400 trees located near mill facilities." 

The Government Has Educated the People. 

Rapidity and Profits: — "The government has given out its findings through _ official 
bulletins, and it is well that the education of the people has been undertaken in this way, 
for the statements of the rapidity with which the Eucalyptus matures and the profits await- 
ing the grower are so surprising that they might not be accepted as truthful without the 
government's stamp." — San Francisco Call, Feb. 13, 1909. 

The Wage Earner's Opportunity. 

J. W. Abbott, formerly with the United States Department of Agriculture, says: 
— "I have been aware for some time that there was no way in which a man could provide 
for his family so effectually as to start a Eucalyptus investment. It is the most ^yonderful 
dead-open-and-shut method of provision ever devised. A man does not have to die to beat 
it. A little money, within the means of a man on salary, will not only fix his children in 
case of his death, but will make him independent in the course of a few years." 

Importance of Eucalyptus to the United States. 

. . "At the present time there are six manufacturing plants in California savoring 
and maunfacturing Eucalyptus. All of them have difficulty in obtaining logs in sufficient 
quantity. The prices paid, at the present time, average $25 per thousand on the stump. 
There is a good margin of profit for the lumberman between $25 and $75 per thousand. 
Desirable Eucalyptus lumber cannot be imported at a less cost than $70 per thousand. The 
Hughes Manufacturing and Lumber Company of Los Angeles state that it is impossible 
to cure the lumber fast enough to fill their orders." — Out West Magacine. 

Municipally Planted Forests. 

The following statements are quoted from an article on "Wealth in Wood," 
by Robert Shackleton in the Saturday Evening Post. 

"It is not only interesting, but really extraordinary, knowing how little we make of 
the forests of our own country, to find towns in Germany that meet their taxes out of the 
income of their forests and actually have money left over. 'We treat our forests,' as a 
German official expressed it to me, 'as national wealth, of which we permit ourselves to 
use only the interest.' In Germany twenty-six per cent of the land is forest land. To 
conserve a forest means, properly, to hold it as an income-giving capital. Take the town 
of Forbach. It is wealthy; for the people own great forest stretches as a community and 
as individuals own other forests as well. Or, take certain villages in Germany in which 
communitv forests pay the taxes and give each citizen forty or fifty marks a year in addi- 
tion, besides his firewood. In Germany, forests are cultivated just as carefully as farms. 

"England, with the national trait that forbids her to see her own faults till the sight 
is actually forced upon her, has blindly continued tree destruction, and has also continued 
to put off the time of reforestation. ... In the British isles barely four per cent of 
the land is forest land." (In the United States, about 25 per cent.) 




Majestic Eucalyptus Trees in California 



EUCALYPTUS HARDWOOD TREES OF CALIFORNIA 31 

"Eighteen per cent of the area of France is forest land; and the French policy is 
very liberal. At the present time France is planning such an extension of her forestry 
system as will take two centuries to complete." 

The San Diego City Forester's Statement. — In San Diego the city will have 250 acres 
in all of Eucalyptus set out this spring for municipal profit. Max V. Watson, the "Pueblo 
Forester" of San Diego, is quoted by the San Diego Union of Nov. 13, 1910, in an extended 
article, as saying: "The Eucalyptus is the one tree that will produce hardwood of commer- 
cial value in a space of time short enough to meet the coming crisis." 

The Western Empire states that the 50 acres planted in April, 1911, by the 
city of San Diego, were from 5 to 8 feet high in the following December. It also 
quotes Forester Watson as saying: 

"The growth that the tree will make is one-third more than in Australia under similar 
conditions." 

Other Varieties. 

While the great preponderance of available testimony on Eucalyptus refers 
to Blue Gum, yet there is considerable attention being paid to two other varieties 
— Rostrata and Tereticornis. 

Business Views by Business Men. 

The Santa Fe Railroad is probably the "pioneer" in the commercial planting 
of Eucalyptus trees on the largest basis ever undertaken. The vast sums being 
expended in their operations are the result of more than two years of exhaustive 
investigation. 

President Ripley, of the Santa Fe R. R., says : 

"In my opinion there is no safer investment than the planting of Eucalyptus in terri- 
tory to which it is adapted, as proven by the experience of the last half century. . . . This 
Company has already demonstrated its belief in Eucalyptus in the fact that it has already 
planted 1,500 acres, and proposes to plant 4,500 more." 

Santa Fe Forestry Chief Reimers says : "There is a future in the planting of Euca- 
lyptus for the men who go into it now. I know of no better investment in an agricultural 
line than this. I believe that the uses to which the timber of these remarkable trees can be 
put in house-building, railway ties, piles, implements, plow beams, wagon material, fence 
posts, furniture, telegraph and telephone poles, will secure for this wood an unlimited market 
in the United States, as soon as Eucalyptus can be (and will be) produced in marketable 
quantities. With the hardwood famine which America is facing there can be no doubt 
as to enormously profitable foresting of Eucalyptus in Cahfornia, which is practically the 
only State in the Union where the tree will grow." 

Eucalyptus Compared with Orchards. — "Eucalyptus planting commercially has a num- 
ber of points in its favor over the fruit industry, principally because the fruit business is 
more or less of an uncertainty, while the timber proposition is comparatively sure. A 
heavy rain during the blooming period of the fruit checks fertilization, a small crop 
being the result ; this is not the case with the wood crop, where the more rain the greater 
growth and profit. The harvesting period of most fruits extends over but a few weeks, 
and if it is not gathered at that time the crop is a total loss ; while on the other hand the 
harvesting period of the timber trees extends over a lifetime. The price of labor may be 
high, or the value of wood much lower than usual ; if either is the case the trees may 
be allowed to stand. The following year they will be larger and more valuable." — Coll. of 
Agr., Univ. of Cal. Bull. 196; p. 35. 

One of the largest banking houses in the world dealing exclusively in 
timber securities says : 

"Why Timber Values Must Increase. CHmatic conditions of this and other civilized 
countries necessitate that we be housed to protect life and health. No matter how de- 
pressed business conditions may be, there exists always, therefore, a large and certain 
consumption of building materials, particularly lumber. It is not difficult to appreciate the 
source of this demand when one stops to figure that the United States is increasing at 



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Eucalyptus in California, originally 
planted as a wind-break. 



Fuel wood grove— planted very close. 



EUCALYPTUS HARDWOOD TREES OF CALIFORNIA U 

the rate of a town a day — over 4,500 daily — it is as necessary that lumber be manufactured 
as that crops be grown. If the source of timber were hidden like coal, gold, silver, etc., 
timber values would be largely speculative and would be an unstable basis of security for 
loans. But every acre of timber in this country is known and mapped out and the supply- 
is practically measured, and the present annual demand exceeds the annual supply by over 
300 per cent. As a result of this condition, there is probably no type of property in exist- 
ence more stable in value than timber lands or against which bonds can be more safely 
issued. During the past nine years we have loaned over $50,000,000 in the form of 6% 
first mortgage bonds secured by timber lands. There has not been a single instance of loss 
or default of interest or principal in any of these loans, and they have all without excep- 
tion greatly increased in security. — Clark L. Poole & Co., Chicago. 

California Business Men Take a Strong Interest — One hundred of the lead- 
ing Bankers, Officials, Business and Professional Men of a district in Southern 
California, voice what seems to be the general opinion concerning a l,(XX)-acre 
commercially planted Eucalyptus grove in their district, as follows : 

r "Eucalyptus planting in California is recognized by the highest authorities as a safe, 
conservative and extremely profitable enterprise. Some of our largest institutions, rail- 
roads, banks, capitalists and hardwood manufacturers are planting for investment and for 
the purpose of assuring a continuous supply of hardwood for their future needs, and judg- 
ing by the manner in which you have carried out your operations to date, we feel thoroughly 
confident in commending you." 



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